Skip navigation links BFS 3460-08B-2 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS Essay

Skip navigation links BFS 3460-08B-2 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS (BFS3460-08B-2) - Essay Example High expansion foams acts the same but are typically used in holds of ships and basement room areas where access to fire and burning material is limited. It acts by halting convection and access to oxygen by steam displacement. This type of foam is used in controlling liquefied natural gas spill fires and helps in dispersing the resulting the vapor cloud. High expansion foams have very low water content making it suitable to use in settings where damage to equipment by water is highly probable. It is also this characteristic that results to a minimum amount of residue thus minimizing post fire clean-up requirements. The National Fire Protection Association has stipulated that this type of systems should completely fill and engulf an area where the fire is occurring thus making it suitable in settings where quick suppression is required. The high water content of low expansion foams makes it heavy and possible to be projected to burning material at safe distances. It also has a very high flow index and its wetting effect makes it more suitable in extinguishing fires in burning solid

Their Eyes Were Watching God Quotes Essay Example for Free

Their Eyes Were Watching God Quotes Essay 1) Janie, on her gossiping neighbors, stressing the importance of storytelling and oral tradition: Ah dont mean to bother wid tellin em nothin, Pheoby. Taint worth de trouble. You can tell em what Ah say if you wants to. Dats just de same as me cause mah tongue is in mah friends mouf (6). 2) Janie, to the men of Eatonville: Sometimes God gits familiar wid us womenfolks too and talks His inside business. He told me.how surprised yall is goin tuh be if you ever find out you dont know half as much bout us as you think yo do. Its so easy to make yoself out God Almighty when you aint got nothin tuh strain against but women and chickens (70-71). 3) On Janie: She was a rut in the road. Plenty of life beneath the surface but it was kept beaten down by the wheels (72). 4) Janie, after Joes death: To my thinkin mourning oughtnt tuh last no longern grief (89). 5) Eatonville habitants, on Janie: It was hard to love a woman that always made you feel so wishful (111). 6) On Tea Cake: Janie looked down on him and felt a self-crushing love. So her soul crawled out from its hiding place (122). 7) On waiting for the mighty hurricane: They sat in company with the others in other shanties, their eyes straining against crude walls and their souls asking if He meant to measure their puny might against His. They seemed to be staring at the dark, but their eyes were watching God (151). 8) Tea Cake, on Janie: .dont say youse ole. Youse uh lil girl baby all de time. God made it so you spent yo ole age first wid somebody else, and saved up yo young girl days to spend wid me (172). 9) Janie, on love: .love aint somethin lak uh grindstone dats de same thing everywhere and do de same thing tuh everything it touch. Love is lak de sea. Its uh movin thing, but still and all, it takes its shape from de shore it meets, and its different with every shore (182). 10) Janie: Its uh known fact, Pheoby, you got tuh go there tuh know there..Two things everybodys got tuh do fuh theyselves. They got tuh go tuh God, and they got tuh find out about livin fuh theyselves (183). Put me down easy Janie Ah’m a cracked plate.† -20- In this quote Janie’s grandmother â€Å"Nanny† is talking to Janie about letting her the rest of life easy. Janie’s grandmother is planning to send Janie off to get married because she is no longer able to care for her. Before this quote you learn that Janie was raised by her nanny and never really knew her parents. Janie’s nanny was a hard working woman that worked her whole life to right the wrong she did raising Janie’s mother. Janie’s nanny worked hard to provide for Janie and once she found Janie outside flirting with Johnny Taylor she was sure that it was time to marry Janie off. I felt this quote was important because it shows one of the aspects of the relationship between Janie and her nanny. It plays a role in the book because the after facts of this quote starts Janie on a search for true love. â€Å"What need has death for a cover, and winds can blow against him.† -84- At this point in the book when you come across this quote Janie’s second husband Joe Starks is very sick and dying. Even though Janie knows he is dying Joe thinks that he will get better. Joe is an insecure man who refuses to let Janie come into his sick room and visit him. I thought this quote was important because it comes from Janie. It shows how she feels about death. Death, a topic that no one wants to discuss yet Janie sums up what we all want to say in this one quote. To me this quote says that no one has protection from death and no one can stop death. I think it is important to the book because later on the book it shows a relationship between poeple connected to Janie and how no matter how she feels about the death will come. † They seemed to be staring at the dark, but their eyes were watching God.† -161- This quote comes into play while Janie and Tea Cake are in the Glades getting ready to leave because of a hurricane. At this point Janie and Tea Cake have waited to late to leave and are trying to decide if they want to try and beat the water or just stay there. I found this quote important because it ties the title of the book in with the situations that occur in the book. They are sitting there and despite the situation around them they can still find security within each other and God. â€Å"So Ah’m back home agin and Ah’m satisfied tuh be heah. Ah done been tuh de horizon and back and now Ah Kin set heah in mah house and live by comparisons.† -191- As you read this quote Janie is talking to Phoeby after she has returned from the Glades. Jane has been acquitted of Tea Cakes murder, because it was self defense. In this quote Janie says that she has lived her life to her satisfication. By her saying she has been to the horizon and back and she can live by comparisons now I thought she meant that she had lived to one extreme to another. By the time she got with Tea Cake she had, had two husbands. One who felt she could work just as anybody else and another who put her up so high on a pedestal that her hair couldn’t even be worn down. But then she found Tea Cake the man who was the median between them both. This quote is important because it tells how Janie felt after going through she had been through throughout her life and she felt that with it all she had accomplished what she wanted to and that was all that counted. â€Å"She called in her soul to come and see.† -193- Once you finish this quote you have finished the book! To me this quote is deeper that it reads, because you read it, then you have to think about what it means. Some quotes are self explanatory while others require more thought. As i read the words around this quote I thought she was reflecting on the day her love died and the day she was in court yet that day in court her lover was very much alive within her. And he flew around her ans carried away the pain. However, she called herself in, her inner self to see everything she had become. â€Å"She called in her soul to come and see†, she reflected on her life and realized how life could change a person without even knowing.

Application Of Molecular Genetics To Crops

Application Of Molecular Genetics To Crops The science of biotechnology is likely to be to the first half of the 21st century what the computer was to the second half of the 20th century. Its implications are profound, its potential benefits massive. Britain is well placed to keep our lead in Europe. I want to make it clear: we dont intend to let our leadership fall behind and are prepared to back that commitment with investment. are the words of Tony Blair at the European Bioscience Conference (November 2000) (cited in Francesca Tencalla, 2005), which is the best way to present my positive answer towards the question. The molecular genetics positively impacts the plant breeding paradigm. Introduction: Centuries ago, the science was unknown to the farmers but the present agricultural scenario is changing its traditional frame of conventional breeding to the most recent and modernized frame of molecular plant breeding. Today, the world agriculture is facing great challenges on four fronts visually, Production, Population, Pollution, and Politics. Also, the change in climate (global warming) is the next major challenge for the crops, as unlike animals they can not move from one place to another. The prospects for feeding humanity as we are in 21st century often are portrayed in a daunting light to keep pace with the population growth. As we are told that worlds population has been growing faster than crop production, since the early 1980s and is expected to be 8 billion in next or two decades. At this point, we need to think in-depth about the opportunities to meet these challenges and to improve the crop production at a subsequent rate. Are the agronomic practices merely going to pl ay the key role or the refined crop protection measures will be the major part of increase in crop production, at this junction of scientific development? No other than, molecular genetics and the application of molecular techniques to enhance the efficiency of plant breeding, will play the crucial role in crop improvement, is a promise to the next generations (Ben Miflin, 2000). At the turn of the 20th century, the discovery of principles of natural selection and hybridization by Darwin and the rediscovery of Mendelian genetics served as the basis for plant breeding and genetics. In the same way, tremendous increase in crop yields in the 21st century has been powered by the development of plant biotechnology, -omics era of molecular biology, and molecular genetics. The recent techniques of molecular genetics are emerging continuously to overcome the demand of growing population (Moose et al., 2008). The chief objective of molecular genetics is to enhance crop production and crop produce usefulness by genetic modification of crop plants; this is precisely what plant breeding has been doing from the day prehistoric man began to domesticate the orphan (wild) species. The molecular genetic techniques aim to give traditional breeding a technological boost, says Jorge Dubcovsky, a wheat molecular geneticist from University of California, whose group is presently working on Marker Assisted selection in wheat for 23 separate traits, conferring resistance to insect-pests, fungi and viruses. His enthusiastic claim is that this research could offer the wings for crop improvement to plant breeding what jet engine has brought to air travel. Basic Terms: Plant Breeding is an art as well as science of improving genetic makeup of plants in relation to their economic use (Paul et al., 2006; Singh B.D., 2003). Molecular genetics refers to the study of molecules, our genes, their structure and functions at molecular level. Also studies the transfer of genes from one generation to the next. It employs the principles of genetics and methods of molecular biology (NCBI, Wikipedia). Recently, Crop improvement is the science of value addition to the existing crop species by using the technique, which marries conventional plant breeding with molecular biology, to get theatrical gains in yield (Austin R.B., 1986). Hundred years of Genetics: (From domestication to transformation) Plant breeding deals with the aspect of crop production. In early days, plant breeding was mainly based on skills and the abilities of the breeder involved in the programme. But as the genetic engineering and the tools of molecular genetics were elucidated, breeding methods and programmes were designed in their light. Plant breeding began with the domestication, when primitive men cultivated the first crop for the benefit of mankind. Thereafter, the process of exploiting the crops for improvement of their commercial values has a long history in itself. As early as 700 B.C., Babylonians and Assyrians performed artificial pollination in date palm. Then, the first artificial hybrid named Fairchilds mule produced by Thomas Fairchild by crossing carnation with sweet William in 1717. These provide the clear evidence of plant breeding exist as an art before the discovery of Mendelian genetics. In 1900, the rediscovery of Gregor John Mendels paper provided the foundation for the vast knowledge of genetics for crop improvement. A noteworthy development resulted from the discoveries of G.H. Shull on inbreeding in maize (Zea mays), led to the production of hybrid varieties in maize, sorghum, cotton, rice and several other crops. Green Revolution, one of the greatest achievements in the modern plant breeding has been the introduction of dwarf gene in cereals, particularly in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rice (Oryza sativa), (Borlaug, 2000). In 1960, Allozymes the first biochemical genetic markers were on hand. The next decade provided new tools to geneticists of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and Southern blotting. Taq polymerase was found in 1980 and shortly Polymerase chain reaction was developed, which is now routinely used in plant breeding research. The recently developed technology is single nucleotide polymorphic markers based on high density DNA arrays, a technique known as Gene Chips (Rodomiro Ortiz, 1998). In 1980, the era of biotechnology began with the successful production of the first transgenic plant using Agrobacterium (Moose and Mumm, 2008). The methods of crop improvement have changed dramatically through last 25 years. The continued exploitation of biotechnology and the integration of genomic tools in crop improvement widen the plant breeding research. The novel genetic approaches like next generation sequencing (NGS), high-throughput marker genotyping, advanced-backcross QTL analysis, introgression libraries (ILs), multi-parent advanced generation intercross (MAGIC) population, can be harnessed to recognize the genetic variations within the crop species and between cultivated and wild species (Varshney et al., 2009). The seeds of molecular genetics are immensely sprouting and sooner will grow into a self-sufficient fruitful plant to alleviate the world hunger. Application and Impact of Molecular Genetics on Crop Improvement: The Father of Green Revolution, Dr. Norman Borlaug said in an interview: Biotechnology helps farmers produce higher yields on less land. This is a very environmentally favorable benefit. He justified his statement by giving the fact that the worlds grain output in 1950 was 692 million tonnes. After forty years or so later, the worlds farmers sown the crops in about the same acreage of land but they harvested 1.9 billion tonnes that counts the 170% increase in global production. To get this increased production in 1999 using the same conventional breeding, farmers would have needed an additional land of 1.8 billion hectares, instead of using 600 million as used in 1950 (www.actionbioscience.org). Opportunely, plant breeding research is at an arena where there are remarkable advances being made at molecular levels and these endow with opportunities to augment the molecular technologies available for crop improvement as outlined below. Distant hybridization: With the advancement of molecular genetics, it is now possible to transfer genes between distantly related plants. Now genes can be transferred interspecific and intergeneric. Recombinant DNA technology can be amplified to transfer the desirable genes from lower level organisms. For example, Progenies derived from rice (Oryza sativa ssp. japonica) plants pollinated by Oenothera biennis exhibited numerous morphological and developmental traits. Results from amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis showed that several rice lines contained extensive genetic variations, which included disappearance of rice parental bands and/or appearance of novel bands (Chu Xiu Chang et al., 2007). Recombinant DNA technology: There are two methods for crop improvement using r-DNA technology namely, direct and indirect methods. The direct method involves the introduction of novel gene(s) to crops by transformation outside the constraints of sexual crossing. Whereas, the indirect method involves the improving crops by the development of molecular markers (Miflin, CIHEAM). These methods have their specific significance in plant breeding so, are discussed as under. Molecular Markers for crop improvement: Molecular marker refers to the easily detectable marker linked to a desirable trait. The plant breeding analyses like, early generation selection, enrichment of complex F1 generation, choice of donor parent in backcrossing, recovery of recurrent parent genotype in backcrossing, linkage block analysis and selection, exploit molecular markers as a valuable tool. Application of molecular markers in plant breeding includes Germplasm characterization/fingerprinting, determining seed purity, systematic sampling of Germplasm, and phylogenetic analysis. Molecular markers played a key role in replacing bioassays (Varshney et al., 2008). Crop plants exhibit 20-50,000 genes, out of which only few are of our interest in crop improvement. Conventional linkage maps are based on these genes of interest which have distinct morphological effect. But there are limitations in such maps as they cannot map out the genes governing quantitative traits, are time consuming and tedious. Therefore, emphases were made to focus on molecular markers for linkage mapping. There are many types of molecular markers visually isozymes, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), cleaved amplified polymorphic sites (CAPS), simple sequence repeats (SSR), amplified length fragment polymorphism (AFLP), and the latest includes single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and single feature polymorphism (SFP), (Bertrand C. Y Collard and David J Mackill, 2008; Varshney et al., 2006). Out of these, SSR or microsatellite is the most widely used marker in major cereal crops (Bertrand C. Y Collard and David J Mackill, 2008). The SNP and DArT (diversity array technology) markers are other high-throughput markers, which can be used to prepare the whole genome map even without the availability of sequence data for the crop (Varshney et al., 2006). In recent years, noteworthy and stimulating progress has been made in marker assisted technology and the development of markers linked to the gene of interest. Some important achievements are given in table 1. Molecular Assisted Selection (MAS): MAS (figure 1) speed ups and makes conventional breeding easier as herein, linked molecular markers are used for indirect selection of desirable traits that were difficult to select earlier in seedling stage (Anushri Varshney et al., 2004). Jonathan et al., 1998, while performing their research on Musa found that due to its triploid nature, the highly relevant generation and the precise linkage maps is not usually attainable. So, to generate linkage map, they first generated traditional linkage map based on diploid relatives and extrapolation to the polyploidy crop and then did polyploidy mapping based on single dose markers in population derived from crosses between tetraploid and diploid genotypes. Thus, it became possible to generate the linkage map of current Musa, which is an allotetraploid. Bioinformatics: Bioinformatics is often overlooked side of molecular marker strategies. As we know that molecular technologies produces a large number of data, with great chances of error introduction during handling and interpretation. The correct accreditation of data is necessary for getting the precise results after a long run of experiments, so for maintaining that huge amount of data bioinformatics enabled such software that provide accurate results and are available through World Wide Web (Simmonds et al., 1999). Quantitative trait Loci (QTL): The most interesting use of molecular markers is the efficient selection of traits. They also made it possible to select polygenic traits controlled by QTLs, by the use of molecular markers like RFLPs and isozymes. Interesting work has been done on QTL by Tanksley et al., on tomatoes, Stuber et al., on maize, McCough and Doerge on rice and Bradshaw et al. on potatoes. The future research can be made in improving the disease resistance in cereal crops (Simmonds et al., 1999). Development of nodules in cereals: Leguminous plants have root nodules that contain nitrogen fixing bacteria known as Rhizobium. These bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen in root nodules in the form of nitrates. If this gene can be transferred or active root nodules can be developed in cereal crops like wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, barley etc. thus, the reliability of crops on chemical fertilizers would be reduced leading to a significant reduction in cost of production as well as environmental pollution. The introduction of symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation into the major non-legume crops of the world would be one of the most significant contributions that biotechnology could make to agricultural sustainability. With this objective, Edward C. Cocking et al., studied the interaction of rhizobia with the root systems of cereals. They have already confirmed that some naturally occurring rhizobia, such as Parasponia species those isolated from root nodules of non-legume and Aeschynomene from stem nodules of tropical legume species, are able to enter the root systems of maize, rice and wheat by crack entry means the part of plant where lateral roots emerge through the root cortex, so it results to the both inter and intra cellular penetration of rhizobiain, particularly in the cortex of emerging lateral roots. In the recent study, they have interacted oxygen tolerant Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 (kindly donated by Dr J K Ladha, IRRI) isolated from stem nodules of the tropical legume Sesbania rostrata with the root systems of rice and wheat. We have found that intracellular invasion of cells of the cortex of roots of both rice (IR42 and Lemont) and wheat (Wembley) results in plants that are active in nitrogen fixation as determined using acetylene reduction assays (Edward C. Cocking et al.). The Plants for future: (Development of transgenic plants) Transgenic plant is the product of genetic engineering, with artificially inserted foreign gene (Adina Breiman and Esra Galun, 1997). The most important tool in plant biotechnology is the transgenic plant production. This technique requires the study of chromosome at molecular levels, genome sequencing and the identification, selection and then insertion of gene of interest form same species in modified form, or related wild species, unrelated species, genus, across kingdom or from microbes (bacteria, virus, fungi). The successful commercialization of first transgenic crop in 1996 is the remarkable achievement in plant breeding and biotechnology. In 2008, globally both the number of countries (25 countries are GM growers) as well as the number of farmers (13.3 million farmers) growing transgenic crops in 125 million hectares of land, has increased significantly (Table-2), (ISAAA web pages). This technology boosts yields, reduce pesticide usage, increase fertilizer efficiency, enhance disease, drought, pest, resistances to various crops. Recently, Sugarbeet RR herbicide resistant variety is grown in USA, gives significant positive results. Another milestone of transgenic breeding is GOLDEN RICE: genetically modified rice that contain bets carotene which can produce vitamin-A, once consumed (Potrykus, 2001). The production of golden rice presents a second green revolution, where certain countries will become the sole producers of major money making crop. It is believed that this would be the most dominating science in future that will play the most crucial role in the crop improvement and can satisfy the growing world hunger. Future prospects: We already have genetically modified crops for various interesting traits, which are developed so far generally involve only the addition of a single gene. Looking to the future, its unclear whether complex traits, which are thought to involve multiple genes, will be amenable to manipulation through genetic engineering (Jonathan Knight, 2003). All these techniques are costly and the research in public sectors is less due to lack of funds. There is the thrust of evolving the more precise, accelerating and cheaper molecular methods that can revolutionized the world agriculture. DNA chip technology and user friendly marker system are the evolving trends in future. For sustainable and self sufficient agriculture, we need carry out continuous efforts in positive direction. There should be the willingness to accept the research and research products globally, politically and socially as well. Then only we can expect second green revolution. Conclusion: We are at the stage of broad and rapid era of science development in all the fields. Time is ripe for the second green revolution which would not only concentrate on increased productivity but also on value added traits to reduce cost of production, pollution dangers and improved quality. Rapid development of plant biotechnology, particularly molecular genetics will serve as the basis for the second green revolution. To speed up the production process economically, to fulfill the aspirations of huge populace, to achieve diversification and adding value to the primary produce so as to make agriculture enterprise farmers as well as environmental friendly. Advanced technologies are expected to materialize many of our expectations in the 21st century. On the other hand, if we arrogantly enjoy the past but ignore the new challenges, or underestimates our capabilities and feel afraid of innovations like GM crops, it is possible that we miss the good opportunities, as said in this Chinese p roverb, Ninety miles is only the half way of a hundred-mile journey. Confucius once said: The passage of time is just like the flow of the river, which goes on day and night, forever. The past glories are the momentum for our new journey; the journey of science, journey of development, journey towards the state of self reliance, while the lessons from the past may teach us to be smarter. We need molecular genetics to make historic contributions to the rejuvenation of the plant breeding and thus the agriculture.

All Quiet on the Western Front :: All Quiet on the Western Front Essays

All Quiet on the Western Front Millions dead, tens of millions injured, for what? For a petty argument between two countries. War is devastating to countries and most indefinitely individuals. Men can be left disturbed mentally, physically, and socially for the rest of their lives. Is this necessary? Well maybe you should decide after reading the next few paragraphs. You can decide if the war being fought is a war of dignity and glory as everyone would make it out to be or if it was a battle of death and gore. You maybe surprised at what happens to men out there. Well it would be glorious to be wounded and or die for your country right? Well maybe if you were the one seeing everything from the outside looking in. If you were a soldier your outlook on war may be a little different. The physical ailments of the young men are terrible. Some even consider it lucky if you die. For example, Remarque made it very clear that he was aware of the pains men were forced to endure when he put Paul and Albert Kropp in the hospital. Paul was going on leave and asked Albert if there was anything that he could get for him and Kropp said, "A gun." Paul showed his disapproval of this idea and Albert said something to the degree of I would rather die then live without a leg. Another example was when Kat was wounded by the bomb that went off while he was delivering supplies to the men on the front. Kat could not even walk. Then while Paul was taking him back to the First Aid center the man said, "He's stone dead." Paul was so oblivious to what was going on that he simply replied, "No, he's just fainted." When he looked at his hand and found a bullet wound in the back of Kat's head he was so stunned that he could not even think or see straight. In the real world people would leave their homes cheerful young men and return tattered worn cripples. Men would return with missing appendages. Some would return without legs. Others would come home without sight or unable to breathe on their own.

Zerg vs. Protoss :: essays research papers

Zerg V. Protoss   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On planet Char, controlled by the mind controlling warp weapon, the Zergs, a fierce alien race, were at war with the Terren, a human like race. The Zerg were being pushed off their own planet. So Kerrigan, the leader of Zerg, devised a brilliant plan. She was going to genetically engineer a new breed to help destroy the Terren. They would combine part of them and the Terran to create the Protoss, a new alien race. Their plan is a success and their Protoss is powerful enough to push back the Terren. When Terren hears of the new breed, Protoss, they quickly challenges the Zergs to a battle in order to win over the Protoss. During the battle of Gloopinbopper, Zerg pushes on, with the help of the new creation Protoss. After days of battling and heavy losses they easily overruns the Terren and out numbers them ninety-eight thousand seven hundred and thirty four to thirty-seven thousand four hundred and fifty two. The Zerg’s final push to reconquer their home planet and retake the mind controlling warp weapon is once again a success. After the long and strenuous battle the Protoss begin to realize the sheer strength they possess within themselves. They decide that they are tired of being treated as pure slaves and begin to devise a plan to overthrow the Zergs and take over of the mind controlling warp weapon. After months of planning they finally have a devious idea on how to take over. But w hile still in the planning stages the Zerg realizes what they are planning and attack. The Protoss are caught off guard and have no choice but to retreat to the deserted planet of Pigglywigglywump. The Terren hear of what is going on between the Protoss and the Zerg. So they decide to use what little troops they have left to try to take over the weak Zerg and buy the Protoss time. With the time the Protoss gain they build a crystal powered mega bomb that is capable of destroying anything and everything around it, with the exception of the Protoss. In the meantime the Zerg have destroyed the Terran and are planning to continue their attack on the Protoss.

About The Penan Tribe Architecture Essay

The reappraisal that I would wish to do among the 5 folks that acted by the Bruce Parry is the Penan folk. First of all, I would wish to present briefly about the character of Bruce Parry. Bruce Parry is an militant that venture into the most distant country of Sarawak province in Malayan Borneo. He believes that the lone ways to cognize more about the civilization anthropology and cognition for a folk is to hold a participant observation in his fieldwork. Participant observations mean that life within a given civilization for an drawn-out period of clip, and take portion in its cultural day-to-day life in all its profusion and diverseness. The Penan is a mobile native that roved on the land of Sarawak Borneo and some other parts on Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan. Nowadays, the figure of Penan had officially stated approximate to 10,000 people and around 350-500 of them are mobile that scattered over Ulu Baram, Limbang, Tutoh and Lawas of Sarawak.( Figures retrieved from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.survival-international.org )The present Penans are consisted with settled, semi-nomadic and entire mobile communities that to the full depend on the wood merchandises. In Penan society, the indigens are extremely developed in an classless society and small gender division. It means that the societal stratification among the adult male and adult females are about equal. For case, the adult male and adult females shared most of the jobs among them. Such as, garnering the forest merchandise and extracted sago from the sago thenar, but they are still some portion of jobs that dominated by male, for illustration, runing in the wood. Penan is a group of native that practiced the rite of â€Å" Molong † which means that â€Å" ne'er take more than necessary. † The bulk of the Penan indigens are work as mobile hunter-gatherers. The mobile Penan normally moves in group that consisted about 40 people included kids and old people. They do non stayed for a long clip in a peculiar topographic point. The period of clip that they stay is depend on the resources at the topographic point that they stayed and when the resources became fewer, they will take other suited topographic points and moved once more. The mobile Penan indigen that lived in the wood was really much depending on their traditional diet-Sago that amylum from the Sago thenar. Once, the Sago thenars are matured and to the full grown, the sago thenar trees will be cut down. The leader of the roll uping sago thenar will do certain an sum of sago starched is adequate for each household and kept adequately for their supply. After that no more sago thenar will be chop down until they are ran out of nutrient. Besides that, the Penan indigen besides preys on wild animate beings like wild Sus scrofas, mouse cervid and monkeys. The huntsmans Hunt by utilizing a blowtube, made with the Belian wood and carved out with a bone drill. The toxicant darts that they used are made from the sago thenar ‘s tree bark and on its tip ; the Penan dipped it with sort of powerful toxicant latex that extracted from a tree from the wood. However, the Penan indigens besides cultivate the planting of Paddy and domestic animate being genteelnes s for their ain nutrients non for gross revenues. Furthermore, I would wish to discourse briefly about the Penan civilization alteration, the mobile Penan move in groups and they have their ain kin districts, the groups are consisted of a household of five or six members and some household even consisted of 30 people. The mobile Penan will go forth their oldselap( huts ) and travel to another sphere of wood when their sago supplies are exhausted. The Penan indigens ‘ ownerships are few and everything is carried in simple with a strong back packs made from Calamus rotang. Selap are made from thick poles tied together with rattan strips. Every household has one hut for life and a smaller 1 for kiping. The bulk of the roofs are tarpaulins and there are rarely roof made by elephantine thenar leaves. The floors are four pess off the land and above a fireplace of clay are two wooden racks for hive awaying cookery equipment and drying fire wood. In the facet of stuff civilizations, merely Penan seniors frock in anything coming traditional frock, with â€Å" chawats † ( loin fabrics ) , bands on their legs and carpuss and big holes in their ear lobes. Presents, the Penan indigens are doing the tattoos by themselves which is about like prison tattoos. Merely few Penan now go in barefoot, most of them are have oning cheap, plastic football boots with rounded he-man to protect their pess. In add-on, I would wish to discourse about the arms that are used for runing. For illustration the Penan ‘s blowtubes, which calledkeleput, are about 6 pess long and made from one solid piece of Fe wood in approximately 2 hebdomads. The hole is made utilizing a long metal saloon with a screwdriver-like tip, which is merely driven into the wood and turned, over and over, so construct a gigue for it. Then, attached to the terminal of the blowtube is a metal spear caput, attached with Calamus rotang and rubber-like rosin. This is used for killing big hurt animate beings and offers protection from wild animals. The much shorter blowtubes are sometimes made for runing at close scope in dense wood. Another arm used for hunting is poison darts. The procedure of doing the Penan toxicant darts is cutting off the bark of the tajem tree to pull out milklike latex that is warmed over a fire to bring forth the toxicant. Tajem interferes with the operation of the bosom, doing deadly arrhythm ias. Blowpipe darts are made from palm fronds with a lightweight stopper to do an airtight seal. Darts with metal tips ( cut from Sn tins ) are used for large game like cervid and bearded hog, whilst those for little game are merely sharpened before being dipped into toxicant. The last arm used by Penan huntsmans is knives. The Penan huntsmans are transporting two knives. The first knife is called apoeh, is big and machete-like and used often. The 2nd knife is called darhad which is much smaller knife and is used for cutting meat, paring blowtube darts and all right work. Both knives are carried close together in separate sheathes, sometimes wooden, now frequently plastic. Besides that, in the facet of faith believe for Penan indigen, the Penan have been change overing their animism belief to Christianity since in the 1930s. Harmonizing to the functionalist Emile Durkheim,â€Å" faith is a incorporate system of beliefs and patterns relative to sacred things, that is to state, things set apart and out beliefs and pattern which unite into one individual moral community called a Church, all those who adhere to them. †( Robert Van Krieken, Daphne Habibis, Philip Smith, Brett Hutchins, Michael Haralambos, Martin Holborn, 2006, page 390 ) However, some of the Penan indigen still holding a strong believe in myths and liquors. The Penan leaders still pattern the rite of blood treaties with neighbouring folk when making the political understanding. The rite of blood treaties was believed that anyone who breach of this treaty will do to purging of blood and a violent decease. Furthermore, in the facet of economic for Penan native, most of the Penan are work as a huntsman gatherer in wood and selling the chief resource of the wood which is sago. The economic system can be defined as a system of production, distribution, and ingestion of resources, including the cultural belief that supports economic procedures. During the colonial times, the British authorities will set up trading missions calledtamunear to the woods of the Penan to offered forest merchandises likedammar( now used in eco-paints ) , rattan mats and baskets, rhino horn,gaharuwood ( or eagle-wood ) , wild gum elastic, monkey bilestones ( for Chinese medical specialty ) , measures of hornbills, and cervid antlers. These points were traded for fabricating goods like knives, cooking pots and scatterguns. None of these forest merchandises are now abundant, but many Penans will sell surplus meat to logging cantonments. The Penan indigen besides sold the high quality gaharu from gaharu tree but tha t can take old ages to roll up. Gaharu is used as incense, for medicative and spiritual intents, and as a aroma in the Middle East states. For the division of labour for Penan, the adult male will ever travel for hunting and the adult female will by and large garner the sago from the sago thenar tree and make the house chores. The form of economic subsistence for Penan indigen is scrounging. They are scrounging in groups for wild workss and runing for wild animate beings like wild Sus scrofas and mouse cervid.

How the Hashatg trend changes TV

The coffee machine In the office used to be the place where people gathered to talk about the TV shows they had watched the night before. Nowadays watching television Isn't Just about enjoying your favorite program on the sofa. 95% of the public social conversation around Film and Television happens on Twitter and other social networks. People exchange with other fans and viewers, share their opinions and engage with each other via Twitter, Mainstream, Faceable and co.Studies have shown that especially the younger audience watches television with two eyes on the screen and a third on the smartened or computer. This â€Å"second-screen-trend† has started a new movement of advertising, targeting specifically this younger audiences and open up a whole new market of advertising on Television. Many brands have already connected their Twitter accounts with TV advertising, using washrags. This leads us to the question: How does the washrag-trend change marketing and advertising In th e TV and Media landscape?In this essay I will discuss the use of washrags as a marketing tool In the film and television Industry and how this new trend might Impact on my future career goals as a writer In the television Industry. One might catch himself asking, â€Å"What an earth is a washrag? â€Å". The washrag symbol (#) is mainly found on social networks like Twitter, Mainstream and Pinsetters and quite recently Faceable joined the circle of washrag users. A washrag symbol is used to unite specific tweets, photos, posts etc. About particular topics.It's a way of organizing or grouping those posts. Washrags can help users on Twitter and Mainstream to find topics that are similar to their own posts or interests. However, the Washrag is also a very economical but effective marketing tool. The marketers of big rims and companies can track the washrag routine of social network users undo create trends to boost their own companies. The washrag makes it possible for them to resear ch popular trends on Twitter and how many messages were sent regarding a specific washrag wealth a particular time frame.It can also be used to boost your visibility on social networks. If enough Individuals promote a washrag It will â€Å"trend† and attract more social network users. Ever since 2010 the most popular washrags at any given moment have been displayed on the front page of Twitter as â€Å"Trending Topics†. Simply put, washrags are a great way to organize Tweets, posts and photos but it is also very beneficial way of advertising a company, show or new products.Furthermore, television networks have been quick to notice the power of the washrag by displaying it in the bottom corner of the screen during a show or putting it in the end of a commercial. These types of washrags are called â€Å"branded washrags† as opposed to â€Å"organic washrags† which are started by fans or non – professional twitter users. Branded washrags can, for inst ance, serve as a tool of creating hype around an upcoming episode of a TV show, event or film and stir up a conversation between fans. Then, the washrag Is usually the name of the program or the topic that Is discussed.It seems as if the washrag had been around forever, however Twitter joined the clan quite recently in 2013. But even though the Washrag is a fairly new trend it has already completely changed the way TV shows and Films are advertised. Only a couple of years ago, a new show or a new movie would be mainly promoted by the star of the film, by attending red carpet events or making an appearance on a popular talk show to spread the word about their newest movie. Professionally made posters and trailers could be seen on television or your local bus stop.Whilst those techniques are still used, the posters or the trailers would now feature a little washrag symbol in the corner. Of course, a famous actor can still promote a new movie, but generally speaking, the marketing nowa days happens on Twitter and social networks, where fans are spreading the word of a new film or TV show by using the washrag. This has opened up a way to connect Television and social media and overall, the way of advertising has become much more interactive, meaning the audience plays a key role in the process.This is clearly visible in interactive shows, such as talk shows, live sport events or big gala events like the Golden globes or the Academy Awards. Here, the washrag is not only an active way of engaging the viewers but also a possibility to ask questions and get in touch with the makers or stars of the show. Some shows, such as â€Å"Project Runway', even give each contestant their own washrag for voting purposes. Likewise, the BBC family drama â€Å"Pretty Little Liars† gives a good example of the interactive usage of washrags between fans and the cast and rioters of the show.This might be partly due to the young age of the target audience, who are in their teens a nd mostly communicate with their friends via Faceable and Twitter. The series revolves around the mystery of a girl's disappearance and when asked, the series creator / show runner l. Marlene King hints at future story developments based on which the audience can attempt to solve the mystery. These are Just some of many shows that are successfully using the washrag for marketing purposes.For professionals working in marketing this means, in order to built a brand they will eve to create a campaign specific washrag in order to attract people on twitter to talk about their product, raise awareness and engage the target audience, as well as following current washrag trends in order to make their content relevant to trending topics. While the star of the show or film still plays an important role in the promotion process, the real marketing happens through the fans and social network users.The physical advertisement, such as posters has to big parts been replaced with the much more econ omical and at least as efficient advertisement through social networks, using washrags. This means the target audience who is spreading the word of a new show, movie or product all over the World Wide Web, became a key role in modern advertising. Therefore, the audience becomes more and more influential and even manages to reach out to big production companies and media groups. A good example for how powerful the audience's impact really is, is the NBC show â€Å"Community' which has been facing a constant threat of cancellation.In an attempt to safe the show, the show runners inserted the washrag † #Accommodativeness † at the end of the season three finale and started a campaign to safe the show. The fans picked up the washrag quickly and as NBC noticed the trending washrag and how much attention the show had been given, influential the users of social networks are if it comes to marketing, but also that washrags can be a inexpensive or even free marketing tool. This l eads me to my next point. How much does the washrag trend and the second – screen – trend influences me as an independent filmmaker and writer and how can I use the trend to my advantage?As an independent filmmaker it would be hard to run a professionally organized campaign in order to promote a new project, since there is usually no budget for advertising placements on television, posters or even professionally designed campaigns. For me, social media represents a free or affordable alternative to promote my projects. The washrag is a no budget film- marketing tool that can boost my appearance on the Internet. The more creative the washrag, the more successful the self-initiated campaign can be. Many â€Å"No Names† on Twitter have more followers than some celebrities.This proves that social media platforms such as Twitter are a great way to market your brand, film or product. Furthermore, from a writer's point of view, who would ideally like to work in televis ion, it is always useful to keep an eye on marketing trends while writing an episode. This way, the writer can already think of â€Å"washables puns† in the show or tastiness that could be used for washrag advertising, such as #Accommodativeness in Community, or even specifically create washrags for fans to interact in the Twitter community, much like in the example of Pretty Little Liars.However, all good things aside, the washrag trend also has its downside and using a washrag campaign for promotion purposes can potentially be a risky business. While it is fairly safe to say that a successful washrag campaign has the potential to raise awareness and increase online conversations, it can certainly be hard to predict the outcome. Once the washrag is out there, the marketers have no control over it and the development that the campaign might take is completely in the hands of the social media users. Some brands had to learn this lesson the hard way.When McDonald's introduced t heir washrag campaign â€Å"#Mysteries† in 2008, the campaign quickly developed a life of it's own and the designed washrag was used by Twitter users to tell their negative stories about the fast food chain. My personal favorite example of â€Å"how washrags can go wrong† is the â€Å"#Undersecretaries† washrag campaign which was created to mourn the death of Margaret Thatcher. Instead of reading the washrag â€Å"Undersecretaries† users read it as â€Å"#Undersecretaries† and as result accidentally mourned for the wrong lady.Status updates such as † R. L. P Cheer. At least now we'll find out about life after love. #Undersecretaries † amused the online community for days, but had very little to do with the actual events. In conclusion it can be said, that the development of the washrag trend within the sat seven years of its first appearance on twitter, clearly demonstrates the importance of collaboration between social networks and the television and film industry in order to successfully market a new film or TV show.The washrag trend has completely transformed the way of advertising in the TV and media landscape and given the audience a much bigger role in the advertising process. Moreover, it gives small companies or independent artists like me an opportunity to market themselves and create an online appearance to raise awareness to their films or handled carefully. In other words, marketers need to think about how washrags can be in cooperated into their media campaigns without losing the control over the narrative.